1.
Mayflower Compact
1620
- The first agreement for self-government in
2.
William Bradford
A
Pilgrim, the second governor of the
3.
Pilgrims and Puritans contrasted
The
Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be
reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in
4.
1629
- King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the
5.
1629
- The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to emigrate
to
6.
Puritan migration
Many
Puritans emigrated from
7.
Church of England (Anglican Church)
The
national church of
8.
John Winthrop (1588-1649), his beliefs
1629
- He became the first governor of the
9.
Separatists, non-separatists
Non-separatists
(which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be
purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed
that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started their own
congregations.
10.
Calvinism
Protestant
sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in
predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be
saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional
representative government and the separation of church and state.
11.
Congregational Church,
The
Congregational Church was founded by separatists who felt that the Church of
England retained too many Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. The Pilgrims were
members of the Congregational Church. The Cambridge Platform stressed morality
over church dogma.
12.
Contrast Puritan colonies with others
Puritan
colonies were self-governed, with each town having its own government which led
the people in strict accordance with Puritan beliefs. Only those members of the
congregation who had achieved grace and were full church members (called the
"elect," or "saints") could vote and hold public office.
Other colonies had different styles of government and were more open to
different beliefs.
13.
Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism
She
preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of
through the church elders. She was forced to leave
14.
1635
- He left the
15.
Covenant theology
Puritan
teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with
Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.
16.
Voting granted to church members - 1631
1631
- The
17.
Half-way Covenant
The
Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the
children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The
covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
18.
1698
- Founded by Thomas Brattle. His church differed from the Puritans in that it
did not require people to prove that they had achieved grace in order to become
full church members.
19.
Thomas Hooker
Clergyman,
one of the founders of
20.
Fundamental Orders of
Set
up a unified government for the towns of the
21.
Saybrook Platform
It organized
town churches into county associations which sent delegates to the annual
assembly which governed the colony of
22.
First
public education legislation in
23.
Harvard founded
1636
- Founded by a grant form the
24.
1643
- Formed to provide for the defense of the four
25.
King Philip’s War
1675
- A series of battles in
26.
Dominion of
1686
- The British government combined the colonies of
27.
Sir
Governor
of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists
rebelled and forced him to return to
28.
Joint stock company
A
company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some
money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and
debts.
29.
30.
Headright system
Headrights
were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists
who brought indentured servants into
31.
John Smith
Helped
found and govern
32.
John Rolfe, tobacco
He
was one of the English settlers at
33.
Slavery begins
1619
- The first African slaves in
34.
House of Burgesses
1619
- The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial
35.
Cavaliers
In
the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II.
Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.
36.
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676
- Nathaniel Bacon and other western
37.
Culperer’s Rebellion
Led
by Culperer, the Alpemark colony rebelled against its English governor, Thomas
Miller. The rebellion was crushed, but Culperer was acquitted.
38.
1733
-
39.
James Oglethorpe
Founder
and governor of the
40.
1665
- Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They
instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The
southern region of the
41.
John Locke, Fundamental Constitution
Locke
was a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the
42.
1690
- The first permanent settlement in the
43.
Staple crops in the South
Tobacco
was grown in
44.
1681-
William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a
colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony,
45.
Liberal land laws in
William
Penn allowed anyone to emigrate to
46.
Holy experiment
William
Penn’s term for the government of
47.
Frame of government
1701
- The Charter of Liberties set up the government for the
48.
49.
Patron system
Patronships
were offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50
people within 4 years. Few people were able to accomplish this.
50.
Peter Stuyvesant
The
governor of the Dutch colony of
51.
Five Nations
The
federation of tribes occupying northern
52.
Crops in the Middle Colonies
The
middle colonies produced staple crops, primarily grain and corn.
53.
54.
Leisler’s Rebellion
1689
- When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the
55.
Benjamin Franklin
Printer,
author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few
Americans who was highly respected in
56.
John Bartram (1699-1777)
57.
58.
Great Awakening (1739-1744)
Puritanism
had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious
piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept
through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.
59.
Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a Careful and Strict
Inquiry Into...That Freedom of Will
Part
of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the
torments of Hell.
60.
George Whitefield
Credited
with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."
61.
William Tennant
A
strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a
college for the training of Presbyterian ministers in 1726.
62.
Gilbert Tennant
William
Tennant’s son. Developed a theology of revivalism.
63.
Old Lights, New Lights
The
"New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great
Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in
64.
Lord Baltimore
Founded
the colony of
65.
1649
- Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of
66.
Deism
The
religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had
created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural
laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
67.
Huguenots
French
Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in
68.
SPG - Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (in Foreign Parts)
A
group which worked to spread Christianity to other parts of the world through
missionaries in the late 1800s.
69.
Mercantilism: features, rationale, impact on
Mercantilism
was the economic policy of
70.
Navigation Acts of 1650, 1660, 1663, and 1696
British
regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that
British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned
vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.
71.
Admiralty courts
British
courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of
the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American
criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges
without a jury.
72.
Triangular Trade
The
backbone of
73.
Merchants / Markets
A
market is the area or group of people which needs a product. Colonial merchants
took goods produced in the colonies to areas of the world that needed those
goods. Also, the colonies served as a market for other countries’ goods.
74.
Consignment system
One
company sells another company’s products, and then gives the producing company
most of the profits, but keeps a percentage (a commission) for itself.
75.
Molasses Act, 1733
British
legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies
imported from countries other than
76.
Woolens Act, 1699
Declared
that wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to
77.
Hat Act, 1732
Declared
that hats made in the colonies could not be exported.
78.
Iron Act, 1750
Declared
that no new iron forges or mills could be created in the colonies.
79.
Currency Act, 1751
This
act applied only to
80.
Currency Act, 1764
This
act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in
the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by
81.
Several
accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in
82.
Primogeniture, entail
These
were the two British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property.
Primogeniture required that a man’s real property pass in its entirety to his
oldest son. Entail required that property could only be left to direct
descendants (usually sons), and not to persons outside of the family.
83.
Quitrents
Nominal
taxes collected by the crown in crown colonies, or by the proprietor(s) of
proprietary colonies.
84.
Indentured servants
People
who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants.
Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant
would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then
would be free.
85.
Poor Richard’s Almanack, first published 1732
Written
by Benjamin Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of
observation and common sense advice (the saying, "Early to bed, early to
rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," first appeared in this
almanac). It was the most popular almanac in the colonies.
86.
Phillis Wheatly (1754-1784)
An
African domestic in the colonies, and a well-known colonial poet. Her poetry
was ornate and elaborate.
87.
Ann Bradstreet (1612-1692)
A
Puritan and the first colonial poet to be published. The main subjects of her
poetry were family, home, and religion.
88.
Magna Carta, 1215
An
English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of
the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in
89.
Petition of Right, 1628
A
document drawn up by Parliament’s House of Commons listing grievances against
King Charles I and extending Parliament’s powers while limiting the king’s. It
gave Parliament authority over taxation, declared that free citizens could not
be arrested without cause, declared that soldiers could not be quartered in
private homes without compensation, and said that martial law cannot be
declared during peacetime.
90.
Habeas Corpus Act, 1679
British
law had traditionally provided a procedure that allowed a person who had been
arrested to challenge the legality of his arrest or confinement, called the
Writ of Habeas Corpus, or the Great Writ. The Act imposed strict penalties on
judges who refused to issue a writ of habeas corpus when there was good cause,
and on officers who refused to comply with the writ.
91.
Bill of Rights, 1689
Drawn
up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed
certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king’s powers in
taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.
92.
Board of Trade (of the Privy Council)
Advisors
to the king who regulated British trade during the 1600s and 1700s.
93.
Robert Walpole
Prime
minister of
94.
"Salutary neglect"
Prime
Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was
primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade
in the colonies would be more profitable for
95.
The Enlightenment
A
philosophical movement which started in
96.
Theories of representative government in legislatures: virtual representation,
actual representation
Virtual
representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents,
but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation
mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only
had virtual representation in the British government.
97.
Rise of the Lower House
Most
of the colonial legislatures had two houses: a lower house elected by the
people of the colony and an upper house appointed by the governor. Over time,
the lower house became more powerful because it reflected the needs and desires
of the people, while the upper house was merely a figurehead.
98.
Proprietary, charter, and royal colonies
Proprietary
colonies were founded by a proprietary company or individual and were
controlled by the proprietor. Charter colonies were founded by a government
charter granted to a company or a group of people. The British government had
some control over charter colonies. Royal (or crown) colonies were formed by
the king, so the government had total control over them.
99.
Colonial agents
These
were representatives sent to
100.
Town meetings
A
purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most
prevalent form of local government in
101.
John Peter Zenger trial
Zenger
published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to
trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press
in the colonies.
102.
Glorious Revolution, 1688
King
James II’s policies, such as converting to Catholicism, conducting a series of
repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintaining a
standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to
resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William
II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after
his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took
the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed
"glorious."
103.
John Locke (1632-1704), his theories
Locke
was an English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American
revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and
property, and that governments exist to protect those rights. He believed that
government was based upon an unwritten "social contract" between the
rulers and their people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the
contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government.
104.
A democratic society or not?
The
Founding Fathers were not sure that democracy was the right form of government
for
105.
Land claims and squabbles in
The
British controlled the colonies on the east coast, and the French held the land
around the
106.
Differences between French and British colonization
The
British settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and
governments. As a general rule, whole families emigrated. The British colonies
had little interaction with the local Indians (aside from occasional fighting).
The French colonized the interior, where they controlled the fur trade. Most of
the French immigrants were single men, and there were few towns and only loose
governmental authority. The French lived closely with the Indians, trading with
them for furs and sometimes taking Indian wives.
107.
Queen Anne’s War, 1702-1713
The
second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose
out of issues left unresolved by King Williams' War (1689-1697) and was part of
a larger European conflict known as the War of the Spanish Succession.
108.
Peace of
Ended
Queen Anne’s War. Undermined
109.
War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739-1743)
Land
squabble between
110.
King George’s War (1744-1748)
Land
squabble between
111.
French and Indian War (1756-1763)
Part
of the Seven Years’ War in
112.
Francis Parkman (1823-1893)
An
historian who wrote about the struggle between
113.
During
the French and Indian War,
114.
General Braddock
British
commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in
a battle at the intersection of the
115.
William Pitt (1708-1778)
British
secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the
British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting
colonists, which led to riots.
116.
117.
Wolfe,
1759
- British general James Wolfe led an attack on
118.
Treaty of
Treaty
between
119.
1763
- An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an
120.
Proclamation of 1763
A
proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from
settling west of the
121.
Writs of Assistance
Search
warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search
houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them
search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The
officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that
the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession
of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were
protested by the colonies.
122.
James Otis
A
colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were
accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.
123.
Paxton Boys
A
mob of
124.
Navigation Acts
A
series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from
places other than
125.
Grenville’s Program
As
Prime Minister, he passed the Sugar Act in 1764 and the Stamp Act in 1765 to
help finance the cost of maintaining a standing force of British troops in the
colonies. He believed in reducing the financial burden on the British by
enacting new taxes in the colonies.
126.
Sugar Act, 1764
Part
of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses
Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New
England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6
cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would
insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts;
and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean
colonies.
127.
Molasses Act, 1733
British
legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies
imported from countries other than
128.
Currency Act, 1764
British
legislation which banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an
effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia’s decision to get itself out
of debt by issuing more paper money.
129.
Vice-admiralty courts
In these
courts, British judges tried colonials in trials with no juries.
130.
Non-importation
A
movement under which the colonies agreed to stop importing goods from
131.
Virtual, actual representation
Virtual
representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents,
but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation
mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only
had virtual representation in the British government.
132.
Stamp Act
March
22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Greenville’s
revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in
the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special,
stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused
riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from
133.
134.
Stamp Act Congress, 1765
27
delegates from 9 colonies met from
135.
Patrick Henry (1736-1799)
An
American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches
against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight
for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of
defense" in
136.
Sons of
A
radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765
after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs
houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp
Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which
continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The
Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
137.
Internal taxes
Taxes
which arose out of activities that occurred "internally" within the
colonies. The Stamp Act was considered an internal tax, because it taxed the
colonists on legal transactions they undertook locally. Many colonists and
Englishmen felt that Parliament did not have the authority to levy internal
taxes on the colonies.
138.
External taxes
Taxes
arose out of activities that originated outside of the colonies, such as
customs duties. The Sugar Act was considered an external tax, because it only
operated on goods imported into the colonies from overseas. Many colonists who
objected to Parliament's "internal" taxes on the colonies felt that
Parliament had the authority to levy external taxes on imported goods.
139.
Declaratory Act, 1766
Passed
at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament
had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had
absolute power over the colonial legislatures.
140.
Quartering Act
141.
Townshend Acts, reaction
Another
series of revenue measures, passed by Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer
in 1767, they taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including
paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage and they
instituted another movement to stop importing British goods.
142.
John Dickinson
Drafted
a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of
"Letters from a Farmer in
143.
A
letter written in
144.
Sam Adams (1722-1803)
A
145.
The Association
A
military organization formed by Benjamin Franklin which formed fighting units
in
146.
Repeal of the Townshend Acts, except tax on tea
1770
- Prime Minister Lord North repealed the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on
tea.
147.
The
colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for
very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On
148.
Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)
He
was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting
started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.
149.
John Adams
A
150.
Western
frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by
the Eastern colonial government of North Carolina, and whose organization was
crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In
151.
May
1771 - An army recruited by the
152.
Gaspée Incident
In
June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast.
When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned
it. They were sent to
153.
Governor Thomas Hutchinson of
A
Boston-born merchant who served as the Royal Governor of
154.
Committees of Correspondence
These
started as groups of private citizens in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New
York who, in 1763, began circulating information about opposition to British
trade measures. The first government-organized committee appeared in
155.
Lord North
Prime
Minister of
156.
Tea Act, East India Company
The
Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it
illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea, and forced the colonies to pay
the tea tax of 3 cents/pound.
157.
British
ships carrying tea sailed into
158.
Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts / Repressive Acts
All
of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston
Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor;
the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it
soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to
provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act,
which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers.
159.
This
was one of the Coercive Acts, which shut down
160.
This
was another of the Coercive Acts, which said that members of the
161.
The
Quebec Act, passed by Parliament, alarmed the colonies because it recognized
the Roman- Catholic Church in