1. The Civil War was called the “War between the States” by Southerners, and the “War of Rebellion” by Northerners.
2. On December 20,
1860, the
3. The secessionists
met in
4. Secessionist fever was less intense in the slave states of the upper South, and their leaders proposed federal guarantees for slavery in states where it existed.
5. In December 1860,
President James Buchanan declared secession illegal but said that the federal government
lacked the authority to restore the
6.
7.
8.
9. Jefferson Davis
forced the surrender of
10.
1. Jefferson Davis’s focus was on the defense of the Confederacy rather than conquering western territories; the Confederacy only needed a military stalemate to guarantee independence.
2.
3. On July 21, 1861, General Irwin McDowell’s troops were routed by P. G. T. Beauregard’s Confederate troops in the Battle of Bull Run.
4.
McClellan and signed bills for the enlistment of men
for the newly created Army of the
5. In 1862,McClellan
launched a thrust toward
6.
7. General Robert E.
Lee launched an attack outside
8. Jackson and Lee routed a Union army in the Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862.
9. The battle at
Antietam Creek on September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single day in
10.
11. The Union dominated
the
12. In April a
Confederate army caught Grant by surprise near
13. Union naval forces
captured
1. After the defeat at
2. The Confederate draft had two loopholes: it exempted one white man for each twenty slaves on a plantation, and it allowed drafted men to hire substitutes.
3. Some Southerners refused to serve, and the Confederate government lacked the power to compel them; the Confederate Congress overrode state judges’ orders to free conscripted men.
4. To prevent sabotage
and concerted resistance to the war effort in the Union,
147 Chapter Annotated Outline
5. The Union government’s Militia Act of 1862 set a quota of volunteers for each state, which was increased by the Enrollment Act of 1863;
Northerners, too, could hire replacements.
6. Hostility to the
draft and to African Americans spilled into the streets of
7. The Union Army Medical Bureau and the United States Sanitary Commission provided medical services to the soldiers and tried to prevent deaths from disease, which killed more men than did the fighting.
8. The Confederate health system was poorly organized, and soldiers died from camp diseases at a higher rate than Union soldiers.
9. Women took a leading role in the Sanitary Commission and other wartime agencies;
Dorothea Dix was the first woman to receive a major federal appointment.
10. Women staffed growing bureaucracies, volunteered to serve as nurses, and filled positions traditionally held by men.
11. A number of women took on military duties as spies, scouts, and (disguised as men) soldiers.
1. The
2. The Confederates had substantial industrial capacity, and by 1863 they were able to provide every infantryman with a modern riflemusket.
3. Confederate leaders counted on “King Cotton” to provide revenue to purchase clothes, boots, blankets, and weapons from abroad.
4. The British government regarded the American conflict as a war rather than a domestic insurrection, thereby giving the rebels the status of a belligerent power with the right under international law to borrow money and purchase weapons.
5. To sustain the
allegiance of Northerners to their party while bolstering the
6. The Confederate
government’s economic policy was less coherent. The
7. The Union government created a modern nation-state that raised revenue for the war by imposing broad-based taxes, borrowing from the middle classes, and creating a national monetary system.
8. The Confederacy lacked a central government.
It financed about 60 percent of its expenses with unbacked paper money, which created inflation; citizens’ property rights were violated in order to sustain the war.
1. As war casualties mounted in 1862, Lincoln and some Republican leaders accepted Frederick Douglass’s argument and began to redefine the war as a struggle against slavery.
2. Exploiting the disorder of wartime, tens of thousands of slaves escaped and sought refuge behind Union lines, where they were known as “contrabands.”
3. Congress passed the First Confiscation Act in 1861, which authorized the seizure of all property—including slaves—used to support the rebellion.
4. In April 1862,
Congress enacted legislation ending slavery in the
5. In July 1862, the Second Confiscation Act declared “forever free” all fugitive slaves and all slaves captured by the Union army.
6.
Union troops became agents of liberation.
7. To reassure
Northerners who sympathized with the South or feared race warfare,
1.
2. Grant had cut off
3. The battle at
4. After Union
victories at
148 Chapter 14 Two Societies at War, 1861–1865
5. The Confederates’
defeats at
6. British
manufacturers were no longer dependent on the South for cotton; however, they were
dependent on the North for cheap wheat. Also,
the British championed the abolitionist cause and wanted to avoid provoking a
wellarmed
1.
2. The Emancipation Proclamation changed popular thinking and military policy; some northern whites argued that if blacks were to benefit from a Union victory, they should share in the fighting and dying.
3. As white resistance
to conscription increased, the
4. Military service did not end racial discrimination, yet African Americans volunteered for Union military service in disproportionate numbers.
5.
6. Grant knew how to fight a modern war, relying on technology and directed at an entire society. He was willing to terrorize the civilian population in order to crush the South’s will to resist.
7. Grant was narrowly
victorious in the battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House. At
8. Union and
Confederate soldiers suffered through protracted trench warfare around
9. To punish farmers who provided a base for Jubal Early and food for Lee’s army, Grant ordered General Philip H. Sheridan to turn the region into a “barren waste.”
10. Grant’s decision to carry the war to Confederate civilians changed the definition of conventional warfare.
Sea
1. In June 1864 the
Republican convention endorsed
2. The Republican Party temporarily renamed itself the National Union Party and nominated Democrat Andrew Johnson for vice president.
3. The Democratic convention nominated General George McClellan, who promised to recommend an immediate armistice and peace convention if elected.
4. On September 2,
1864,William T. Sherman forced the surrender of
5. The pace of
emancipation accelerated;
6. On January 31, 1865, the Republican-dominated
Congress approved the Thirteenth Amendment, which
prohibited slavery throughout the
7.
8. After burning
9. In February 1865,
10. Due to class resentment from poor whites, the Confederacy had such a manpower shortage that they were going to arm the slaves in exchange for their freedom; the war ended before this had a chance to transpire.
11. The symbolic end to
the war occurred on April 9, 1865, when Lee surrendered to Grant at
Court House,Virginia; by May the
Confederate army and government had dissolved.
12. The Union armies had
destroyed slavery as well as the Confederacy and much of the South’s economy.
Almost 260,000 Confederate soldiers paid for secession with their lives.