Chapter 2
The Invasion and Settlement
of
I. Imperial Conflicts and
Rival Colonial Models
A.
1.
Spanish adventurers were the first Europeans to explore the southern and
western
2.
By the 1560s their main goal was to prevent other Europeans from establishing
settlements.
3.
In 1565,
most of
4.
In response to the Indian attacks, the Spanish adopted The Comprehensive Orders
for New Discoveries (1573) and employed missionaries.
5.
For Franciscans, religious conversion and assimilation went hand in hand, but
Spanish rule was not benevolent.
6.
Most Native Americans tolerated the Franciscans, but when Christian prayers
failed to prevent disease, drought, and Apache raids, many returned to their
ancestral religions and blamed the Spanish for their ills.
7.
8.
By 1680 many
9.
of the
Native Americans.
10.
The cost of expansion delayed the Spanish settlement of
B.
1.
2.
The Hurons, in exchange for protection from the
Iroquois, allowed French traders into their territory.
3.
French traders set in motion a series of devastating Indian wars over the fur
market, and they also brought disease to the Indians.
4.
Beginning in the 1640s, the New York Iroquois seized control of the fur trade
and forced the Hurons to migrate to the north and
west.
5.
While French traders amassed furs, French priests sought converts; unlike the
Spanish, French missionaries did not use Indians for forced labor, and they won
religious converts by addressing the needs of the Indians.
C.
1.
The Dutch republic emphasized commerce over religious conversion.
2.
In 1621 the West India Company had a trade monopoly in West Africa and
exclusive authority to establish outposts in
3.
The company founded the town of
4.
To encourage migration, the company granted land along the
5.
6.
When the Dutch seized prime farming land from the Algonquians and took over
their trading network, the Algonquians responded with force.
7.
The West India Company largely ignored the floundering Dutch settlement and
concentrated instead on the profitable importation of African slaves to their
sugar plantations in
8.
The Dutch ruled New Amsterdam shortsightedly, rejecting requests for
representative government, and after a lightly resisted 1664 English invasion,
D.
The First English Model: Tobacco and Settlers
1.
English merchants replaced the landed gentry as the leaders of English
expansion.
2.
In 1606, King James I granted a group of
3.
In 1607 the Virginia Company sent an expedition of men to North America,
landing in
4.
Life in
5.
Native American hostility was another major threat to the survival of the
settlement; as conflicts over food and land increased, Chief Powhatan
threatened war with the settlers.
6.
Tobacco farming became the basis of economic life and an impetus for permanent
settlement in
7.
To encourage English settlement, the VirginiaCompany
granted land to freemen, established a headright
system and a local court system, and approved a system of representative
government under the House of Burgesses.
8.
The resulting influx of settlers sparked war with the Indians but did not slow
expansion; by 1630, English settlement in the
II. The
A.
Settling the Tobacco Colonies
1.
In 1622, James I dissolved the Virginia Company and
created a royal colony in
2.
The Church of England was established in
3.
The model for royal colonies in
4.
King Charles I conveyed most of the territory bordering the
5.
6.
7.
A Toleration Act was enacted in 1649, granting religious freedom to all
Christians.
8.
Demand for tobacco started an economic boom in the
B.
Masters, Servants, and Slaves
1.
The majority of migrants to
2.
Most indentured servants did not achieve the escape from poverty they had
sought, although about 25 percent benefited from their ordeal, acquiring
property and respectability.
3.
The first African workers fared even worse than the indentured servants, and
their numbers remained small.
4.
At first, Africans were not legally enslaved, although many served their
masters for life.
5.
By becoming a Christian and a planter, an enterprising African could sometimes
aspire to near equality with English settlers.
6.
In the 1660s,
C.
The Seeds of Social Revolt
1.
By the 1660s the
2.
In an effort to exclude Dutch and other merchants, Parliament passed an Act of
Trade and Navigation (1651), permitting only English or colonial-owned ships
into American ports.
3.
The number of tobacco planters increased, but profit margins were growing thin;
the
4.
The
5.
Social tensions reached a breaking point in
6.
The corrupt House of Burgesses changed the voting system to exclude landless
freemen, but distressed property-holding yeomen were no longer willing to
support the rule of the corrupt landed gentry.
D.
Bacon’s Rebellion
1.
Poor freeholders and aspiring tenants wanted the Indians removed from the
treaty guaranteed lands along the frontier.
2.
Wealthy planter-merchants were opposed to Indian removal; they wanted to
maintain the labor supply and to continue trading furs with the Native
Americans.
3.
Poor freeholders and propertyless men formed militia
and began killing Indians; the Indians retaliated by killing whites.
4.
Not wanting the fur trade disrupted, Governor Berkeley proposed building
frontier forts.
5.
Settlers saw
6.
Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governor’s council, led a protest against
Bacon
and his men killed a number of peaceful Indians for which
7.
When Bacon’s militant supporters threatened to free Bacon by force,
8.
Not satisfied, Bacon’s men burned
9.
Although Bacon died in 1676, Bacon’s Rebellion prompted tax cuts, a reduction
of corruption, opening of public offices to yeomen, and the expansion into
Indian lands.
10.
To forestall another rebellion among former indentured servants,
III. Puritan
A.
The Puritan Migration
1.
2.
The Pilgrims, Puritans who were “Separatists” from
3.
They created the Mayflower Compact, a covenant for religious and political
autonomy and the first constitution in
4.
The first winter in
5.
After having Anglican rituals forced upon their churches, Puritans sought refuge
in
6.
Over the next decade, 10,000 Puritans migrated to Massachusetts Bay along with
10,000 others fleeing hard times in
7.
The Puritans created representative political institutions that were locally
based.
8.
The right to vote and hold office was limited to Puritan church members, and
the Bible was the legal as well as spiritual guide for
B.
Religion and Society, 1630–1670
1.
Puritans eliminated bishops and devised a democratic church structure;
influenced by John Calvin, they believed in predestination.
2.
Puritans dealt with the uncertainties of divine election in three ways:
“conversion experience,” a born-again conviction of salvation; “preparation,”
confidence in redemption built on years
of piety
and discipline; and belief in a “covenant” with God that promised salvation
in
exchange for obedience to God’s laws.
3.
Puritans of
4.
Roger Williams, a religious dissident, and his followers founded settlements in
5.
Anne Hutchinson was considered a heretic because her beliefs diminished the role
of Puritan ministers; Puritans believed that when it came to governance of
church and state, women were clearly inferior to men.
6.
In 1636, Thomas Hooker and others left
7.
8.
9.
After four years of civil war, Parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell were
victorious, but the Puritan triumph was short lived.
10.
With the failure of the English Revolution, Puritans looked to create a
permanent society in
C.
The Puritan Imagination and Witchcraft
1.
Puritans thought that the physical world was full of supernatural forces; their
respect for spiritual forces perpetuated certain pagan superstitions shared by
nearly everyone.
2.
Between 1647 and 1662, Puritan civil authorities in
3.
In 1692 in
4.
Popular revulsion against the executions dealt a blow to the dominance of
religion in public life; there were no more legal prosecutions for witchcraft
after 1692.
5.
The European Enlightenment helped promote a more rational view of the world.
D.
A Yeoman Society, 1630–1700
1.
Puritans instituted a fee simple land distribution policy that encouraged the
development
of
self-governing communities. All landowners had a voice in the town meeting.
Consequently,
ordinary New England farmers enjoyed far more political power than their
European or
2.
Puritans believed in a social and economical hierarchy: the largest plots of
land were given to men of high social status. 3. As all male heads of families
received some land, a society of independent yeomen farmers emerged.
4.
Town meetings chose selectmen, levied taxes, and enacted ordinances and
regulations; as the number of towns increased, so did their power, enhancing
local control.
5.
As one generation gave way to the next, the farming communities of
IV.
The Indians’New World
A.
Puritans and Pequots
1.
Seeing themselves as God’s chosen people, Puritans tried to justify taking
Indian lands on religious grounds.
2.
In 1636, Pequot warriors attacked English farmers who had intruded on their
lands.
3.
Puritan militiamen and their Indian allies massacred about 500 Pequots, and many of the
Pequot
survivors were sold into slavery.
4.
English Puritans viewed the Indians as “savages” who did not deserve civilized
treatment.
5.
Disease, military force, and Christianization eventually subdued the Indians of
New England.
6.
By 1670,
B.
Metacom’s Rebellion
1.
By the 1670s, whites in
2.
Seeking to stop the European advance, the Wampanoag leader Metacom
forged an alliance with the Narragansett and Nipmuck
peoples in 1675.
3.
The group attacked white settlements throughout
4.
Losses were high on both sides, but the Indians losses were worse: 25 percent
of the Indians’ already diminished population died from war or disease.
5.
Many survivors were sold into slavery in the
6.
The defeated Algonquian peoples lost their land as well as the integrity of
their traditional cultures.
C.
The Fur Trade and the Inland Peoples
1.
The greatest threat to Indian cultures came from wars and epidemics brought by
the fur trade. Nonetheless, the Iroquois fought to gain control of the fur
trade with the French and the Dutch.
2.
The Iroquois waged a series of successful wars against other tribes, and these
triumphs gave the Iroquois control of the fur trade with the French and the
Dutch.
3.
The Iroquois adopted non-Iroquois captives from these victories in order to
replenish the Iroquois populations that had been diminished by epidemics and
wartime losses.
4.
Cultural diversity within Iroquoia further increased
as the Five Nations made peace with the French and allowed a number of Jesuit
missionaries to live among them.
5.
In 1680 the Iroquois repudiated their peace treaty with the French and again
had to battle for control of the fur trade.
6.
Disease, sickness from liquor, and neglected artisan skills were the fur
trade’s legacy.
7.
Constant warfare shifted tribal power from cautious Indian elders to headstrong
young warriors.
8.
The fur trade profoundly altered the natural environment by severely depleting
the animal population.