AP US HISTORY FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS SINCE 1971

 

I. Colonial Time     1607 - 1775

1.  Puritanism bore within itself the seeds of its own destruction. Apply this      

generalization.  (74)

2.   In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society.      

What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83)

3.   Between 1607 and 1763, Americans gained control of their political and economic

institutions. To what extent and in what ways do you agree or disagree with this   statement? (71)

4.   What role did unfree labor play in colonial American society? (72)

5.   Although many Northerners and Southerners came later to think of themselves as

having separate civilizations, the Northern and Southern colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were in fact more similar than different.  Assess the validity of this statement. (75)

6.    Although the thirteen American colonies were founded at different times by people

       with different motives and with different forms of colonial charters and political

       organization, the Revolution the thirteen colonies had become remarkably similar.

       Assess the validity of this statement.  (78)

 

7.    Throughout the colonial period, economic concerns had more to do with the settling

       of British North America than did religious concerns. Assess the validity of this

       statement with specific reference to economic and religious concerns.  (90)

 

8,    To what extent and why did religious toleration increase in the American colonies

       during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?  Answer with reference to Three

       individuals, events, or movements in American religion during the seventeenth and  

       eighteenth centuries. (81)

 

9.   From 1600 – 1763, several European nations vied for control of the North American

continent.  Why did England win the struggle? ( 73)

10.   The American Revolution should really be called the “British Revolution” because

marked changes in British colonial policy were responsible for final political division than were American actions.  Assess the validity of this statement for the period 1763 – 1776.  (82)

11.   Britain’s wars for empire, far more than its mercantilist policies, dictated the

economic fortunes of Britain’s North American colonies in the eighteenth century.

Assess the validity of this statement. (87)

12.   In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, a

profound shift in the way many Americans thought and felt about the British     government and their colonial governments.  Assess the validity of this statement in view of the political and constitutional debates of these decades. (89)

13.   For the period before 1750, analyze the ways in which Britain’s policy of salutary

neglect influenced the development of American society as illustrated in the    following:

Legislative assemblies

Commerce                                Religion  (95)

 

14.   Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in the British North American

colonies prior to 1700. (98)

15.           Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750.

British                        French                                    Spanish    (00)

II. American Revolution – Early Republic  ( 1776  – 1800)

1.  To what extent did economic issues provoke the American Revolution?  ( 74)

2.  The Declaration of Independence has been variously interpreted as a bid for French

support, an attempt to swing uncommitted Americans to the revolutionary cause, a statement of universal  principles, and an affirmation of the traditional rights of Englishmen.  To what extent, if any are  these interpretations in conflict?   ( 75)

3.   During the seventeenth and increasingly in the eighteenth century, British colonists in

America charged Great Britain with violating the ideals of rule of law, self  government, and, ultimately, equality of rights.  Yet the colonists themselves violated these ideals in their treatment of blacks, Native Americans, and even poorer classes of white settlers.  Assess the validity of this view. (79)

4.   Despite the view of some historians that the conflict between Great Britain and its

thirteen North  American colonies was economic in origin, in fact the American

Revolution had its roots in politics and other areas of American life.  Assess the

validity of this statement.   ( 86)

5.   This history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and

usurpation, all having in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States.  Evaluate this accusation made against George III in the Declaration of Independence.  (88)

6.   Analyze the extent to which the American Revolution represented a radical alteration

in American political ideas and institutions.  Confine your answer to the period 1775   to 1800.  (97)

Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any TWO  of the following:

Foreign relations

Economic conditions                  Western lands    ( 96)

 

8.    Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American

       politics in the 1790’s.  (94)

 

9.    The Bill of Rights did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the

       American Revolution, but rather from a fear of the powers of the new federal

       government.  Assess the validity of the statement. (91)

 

10.  Evaluate the relative importance of the following as factors prompting Americans to  

rebel in 1776:

       Parliamentary taxation           British military measures

       Restriction of civil liberties   The legacy of colonial religious and political ideas  (92)

 

11.  “ Our prevailing passions are ambition and interest; and it will be the duty of a wise

government to avail itself of those passions, in order to make them subservient to the public good.”

Alexander Hamilton,   1787                                 

How was this viewpoint manifested in Hamilton’s financial program as Secretary of the Treasury?      ( 71)

12.  What evidence is there for the assertion that the basic principles of the Constitution

were firmly grounded in the political and religious experience of America’s colonial and revolutionary periods?  (84)

13.   Between 1783 and 1800, the new government of the United States faced the same

political, economic , and constitutional issues that troubled the British government’s relations with the colonies prior to the Revolution.  Assess the validity of this generalization.   (80)

14.   In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, a

profound shift occurred in the way many Americans thought and felt about the British government and their colonial governments.  Assess the validity of this statement in view of the political and constitutional debate of these decades.   (89)

15.   What evidence is there for the assertion that the basic principles of the Constitution

were firmly grounded in the political and religious experience of America’s colonial and revolutionary periods.   (84)

III. Jeffersonian  Democracy    1800 – 1825

1.   There is no American history separate from the history of Europe.  Test this

generalization by examining the impact of European events on the domestic policies of the U.S. from 1789 to 1815.  (72)

2.    The achievements of Generals are in the long run more decisive than the

       achievements of diplomats.  Assess the validity of this generalization for the U.S. in

       the period 1800 – 1825.   (74)

 

3.    Early United States foreign policy was primarily a defensive reaction to perceived or

       actual threats from Europe.  Assess the validity of this generalization with reference

       to United States foreign policy on TWO major issues during the period from 1789 –

       1825.   (83)

 

4.    The Era of Good Feeling (1816-1824) marked the appearance of issues that

       transformed American politics in the next 20 years.  Assess the validity of this

       generalization.  (75)

 

 

IV.    Jackson and American Life  1825 – 1860

 

1.    Andrew Jackson’s election as President marked the beginning of a new age in

       American political history.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  (71)

 

2.    From the American Revolution to the Civil War, American writers (both fiction and

       non-fiction) sought to discuss a uniquely national culture.  Analyze this statement for

       any period of approximately thirty years between 1775 and 1860.   (73)

 

3.   Account for the emergence of utopian communities from the mid-1820’s through the

1840’s and evaluate their success  and/ or failure.  (74)

4.   In the first half of the nineteenth century, the American cultural and intellectual

community contributed to the development of a distinctive American national consciousness.  Assess the validity of this statement.  (86)

5.   American social reform movements from 1820 to 1860 were characterized by

unyielding perfectionism, impatience with compromise, and distrust of established social institutions.  These qualities explain the degree of success or failure of these movements in achieving their objectives.  Discuss with reference to BOTH anti-slavery and ONE other reform movement of the period 1820 –1860 (for example, temperance, women’s rights, communitarianism, prison reform or educational reform).  (79)

6.   American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and

pessimistic views of human nature and society.  Assess the validity of this statement in reference to reform movements of THREE of the following areas:

Education                                 Utopian experiments

Temperance                             Penal Institutions   (88)

Women’s Rights

7.   Analyze the ways in which Two of the following influenced the development of

American society.

Puritanism during the seventeenth century The Great Awakening during the eighteenth century The Second Great Awakening during the nineteenth century    (94)

8.   In what ways did the early nineteenth –century reform movements for abolition and

women’s rights illustrate both the strengths and weaknesses of democracy in the early American republic?  (93)

9.   Analyze the extent to which Two of the following influenced the development of

democracy between 1820 and 1840.

Jacksonian economic policy                  Changes in electoral politics

Second Great Awakening                   Westward movement        (96)

 

10.  How did Two of the following contribute to the reemergence of a two party system

in the period 1820 to 1840?

Major political personalities      States’ rights           Economic issues            (99)

11.  Discuss the impact of the “transportation revolution,” 1820 – 1860, on the U.S.  (73)

12.  In the period 1815 to 1860, improvements in transportation and increased inter-

regional trade should have united Americans, but instead produced sectional division and finally disunion.  Discuss with reference to the impact of improved transportation and increased inter-regional trade on the Northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic states), the South, and the West.  (80)

13.   Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century.    Assess the validity of this statement. (89)

 

V.    Manifest Destiny  1840 –1860

 

1.    Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was

       infact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others.  Assess the 

       validity of this statement with specific reference to American expansionism in the   

       1840’s.   (90)

 

2.     Although historically represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and the Whigs in          fact shared a common political ideology, represented many of the same interest groups, and proposed similar programs and policies.  Assess the validity of the statement. (91)

 

Compare the expansionist foreign policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and  James K. Polk.  To what extent did their policies strengthen the United States? (93)

 

4.    Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850.

        (97)

 

 

VI.   Slavery and Pre Civil War Issues     1840 – 1860

 

1.   Why did the institution of slavery command the loyalty of the vast majority of ante-

bellum whites, despite the fact that only a small percentage of them owned slaves     (73)

2.   Slavery was the dominating reality of all southern life.  Assess the validity of this

generalization for TWO of the following aspects of southern life from about 1840 to 1860: political, social, economic, and intellectual life.  (84)

3.   Supreme Court decisions reinforce state and federal legislation.  Assess the validity of

this generalization for THREE decisions of the Supreme Court prior to the Civil War.  (72)

4.   At various times between 1789 and 1861, Americans changed their positions on the

constitutional question of loose construction or strict construction as best suited their economic or political interests.  Discuss this statement with reference to any TWO individuals or groups who took positions on this constitutional question.  (81)

5.  Throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body

rather than a neutral arbiter of constitutional principles.  Assess the validity of this generalization for the period 1800 – 1860.  (84)

6.   Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal,

religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery.     (95)

7.        Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following:

                   Missouri Compromise                                Mexican War

                   Compromise of 1850                                 KansasNebraska Act   (00)

 

 

VII.  Civil War and Reconstruction  1860 – 1877

1.   The South never had a chance to win the Civil War.  To what extent, and why, do you

agree or disagree with this statement?  (71)

2.  “I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and

political equality of the white and black races.”  How can this 1858 statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation?    (88)

3.   How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865 – 1877) to bring social

and economic equality of opportunity to the former slaves?  (83)

4.   The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in

another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the alteration or subversion of the

original ideas and programs.  For the period 1830-1870, discuss this statement with

       reference to BOTH (A) the ideas and activities of abolitionists and (B) the policies of

the Republican Party.   ( 78)

5.   Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between

1864 and 1877.  To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877?

(92)

6.   Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of

the following in the United States between 1865 and 1880.

Agriculture                    Transportation

Labor                           Industrialization     (97)

 

 

VIII.  Agricultural and Industrial America    1865 – 1900

 

1.   A number of writers and reformers in the period 1865-1914 discussed the growing

gap between wealth and poverty in the United States.  Compare and contrast THREE of the following authors’ explanations for this condition and their proposal for dealing with it.

Henry George :    Progress and Poverty

Edward Bellamy:             Looking Backwards

Andrew Carnegie:    The Gospel of Wealth

William Graham Sumner:    What Social Classes Owe to Each Other

Upton Sinclair:     The Jungle

 

2.   Andrew Carnegie has been viewed by some historians as the “prime representative of

the industrial age” and by others as “an industrial leader atypical of the period.

Assess the validity of these views.  (86)

3.   The path to labor organization was marked by false starts and wrong moves.  Assess

the validity of this generalization for the period 1865 – 1900.  (77)

4.   Popular fascination with the cowboy, the pioneer, and stories of Horatio Alger in the

period 1870 to 1915 reflected America’s uneasiness of transition from an agrarian to an industrial society.  Assess the validity of this statement.   (87)

5.   Ironically, popular belief in the “self-sufficient farmer” and the “self-made man”

increased during the nineteenth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded.

Assess the validity of this statement.  (79)

6.  Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth

that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century.

Andrew Carnegie                                 Horatio Alger               Ida M. Tarbell

Eugene V. Debs                                   Booker T. Washington          (94)

 

7.   Although the economic development of the Trans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hardy individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government.  Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to western economic activities in the nineteenth century.  (91)

8.   Analyze the impact of any TWO of the following on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900.

Government actions                              Labor Unions

Immigration                                          Technology changes    (98)

 

 

IX.   Intellectual, Cultural and Social Trends 1860 – 1900

1.   Describe the thesis advanced by Frederick Jackson Turner about the relationship of

the frontier to political democracy, and assess the principal arguments that later historians have made to attack or defend the thesis.  (71)

2.   The United States in the Gilded Age (1865 –1900) was a materialistic society, sterile

in all forms of artistic expression.  Assess the validity of this statement by discussing literature and the arts (include architecture if you wish)  (71)

3.   Although the United States is widely regarded as the home of free enterprise, business

values, and materialism, American fiction since 1865 has generally been critical of

business behavior and values.  Assess the validity of this generalization with

      reference to the work of at least TWO writers who have treated the behavior and

values of businessmen in their fiction since 1865.   (80)

4.   Most major religious movements reflect significant shifts in religious beliefs and produce important social changes.  Apply this generalization  to TWO of the following:

              Seventeenth century Puritans   The Second Great Awakening

              The First Great Awakening                 The Social Gospel Movement (85)

 

5.   Assess the validity of this statement in view of the experience of TWO of the  following:

The Scotch-Irish on the eighteenth century Appalachian frontier The Irish in the nineteenth century urban Northeast The Chinese in the nineteenth century west     (87)

6.   From the 1840’s through the 1890’s, women’s activities in the intellectual, social,

economic and political spheres effectively challenged traditional attitudes about women’s place in society.  Assess the validity of this statement.  (91)

7.   Account for the growth of ONE of the following major urban centers during the  period indicated:

Boston, 1630 – 1700                           Cincinnati, 1790 – 1860

New York, 1790 –1860                       Chicago, 1830 – 1900

            New Orleans, 1790 – 1860                  Salt Lake City, 1845 – 1900

Atlanta, 1870 – 1940                           Los Angeles, 1890 –1960      (71)

 

8.   Assess the changing status of Blacks between emancipation and the end of the nineteenth century. (74)

9.   Americans have been a highly mobile people.  Describe and account for the dominant

Population Movements between 1820 and 1900.  (82)

X.  Politics 1877 –1900

1.   Did the Republican Party from 1877 –1896 abandon its earlier principles and succumb to expediency?  (72)

2.   Although the economic growth of the United States between 1860 and 1900 has been attributed to a governmental policy of laissez-faire, it was in fact encouraged and sustained by direct governmental intervention.  Assess the validity of this statement. (88)

3.   Political movements in the U.S.  often reflect a yearning for the past.  Assess the validity of this statement in reference to the Populists.   (73)

4.   Both the Jacksonian Democrats during 1824-1840 and the Populists during 1890 –1896 attacked and sought out special privilege in American life.  The Jacksonian Democrats attained power and succeeded; the populists failed.  Assess the validity of this view.  Give roughly equal attention to the Jacksonian Democrats and the Populists.   (74)

5.   In what ways were the late nineteenth century Populists the heirs of the Jacksonian Democrats with respect to overall objectives AND specific proposals for reform?  (89)

6.   Analyze the reasons for the emergence of the Populist movement in the late

nineteenth century. (95)

7.    How were the lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century

       affected by technological developments and government actions? ( 99)

 

 

XI.   Expansionism  1890’s – 1914

1.   United States foreign policy between 1815 and 1910 was determined less by economic than strategic, moral, or political interests.  Assess the validity of this generalization with reference to at least TWO major episodes ( for example: treaties, wars, proclamations, annexations, etc.) in the foreign policy of the United States     between 1815 and 1910.   (80)

2.   How and why did the Monroe Doctrine become the cornerstone of United States foreign policy by the late nineteenth century?  (85)

3.   Both the Mexican War and the Spanish American War were premeditated resulting

from deliberately calculated schemes of robbery on the part of a superior power against  weak and defenseless neighbors.   (86)

4.    Compare the debates that took place over American expansionism in the 1840’s with those that took place in the 1890’s, analyzing the similarities and differences in the debates of the two eras.  (92)

 

 

XII.   The Progressives   1900 –1920

 

1.   Analyze and evaluate Booker T. Washington’s program for American Blacks and

W.E.B. DuBois’s challenge to that program.  (71)

2.   Discuss the development of the women’s suffrage movement and account for its success.  (72)

3.   The legal, political, and economic rights achieved by minorities and women in the 

United States have come largely during periods of major reform movements, which

both helped the struggle of these groups and set limits to them.  Assess the validity   of this statement for the history of one or more of these groups in the period 1830-1920.  (76)

4.   Paradoxically, Darwinism provided a justification for both social conservatism and

social reform in the period from 1870-1915.  Discuss this statement   (77)

5.   In American politics the most significant battles have occurred within the major

parties rather than between them.  Discuss this statement with reference to the periods 1850 –1861 and 1900 –1912. (81)

6.   The Progressive movement of 1901 to 1917 was a triumph of conservatism rather

than a victory for liberalism.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  (87)

7.   Analyze the ways in which state and federal legislation and judicial decisions,

including those of the Supreme Court, affected the efforts of any TWO of the following groups to improve their position in society between 1880 and 1920.

African Americans         Farmers                           Workers   (93)

8.   Although many Americans between 1870 and 1915 blamed political corruption at

the state and local level on public indifference or greedy politicians, such corruption

reflected a serious crisis of traditional institutions in dealing with social and

economic problems of modern America.  Assess the validity of this generalization

(75)

XIII.   World War I   1914 - 1920

The U.S. in the period 1898-1919 failed to recognize that it had vital interests at    take in Europe, where it tried to stay aloof.  At the same time, it had fewer or no such      interests in Asia, where it eagerly became involved.  Assess the validity of this   generalization.  (77)

 

2.   The United States entered the First World War not “to make the world safe for

democracy” as President Wilson claimed, but to safeguard American economic interests.  Assess the validity of this statement.  (74)

3.   Assess the relative influence of THREE of the following in the American decision

to declare war on Germany in 1917.

German naval policy                             Allied propaganda

American economic interests                 America’s claim to world power

                        Woodrow Wilson’s idealism    (95)

 

3.            To what extent did the United States achieve the objectives that led it to enter the

      First World War?    (00)

 

 

XIV.    The 1920’s

 

1.   Alienation from American society is a dominant theme of the literature of the

1920’s.  Discuss this statement with reference to TWO writers (novelists, poets, playwrights, journalists, etc.) citing evidence from their works.  (72)

2.   The 1920’s witnesses an assault by rural and small town America on Urban

America.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  (74)

3.   From 1790 to the 1870’s, state and national governments intervened in the American

economy mainly to aid private economic interests and promote economic growth.  Between 1890 and 1929, however, government intervention was designed primarily to curb and regulate private economic activity in the public interest.  Assess the validity of this statement, discussing for EACH of these periods at least TWO major areas of public economic policy.  (77)

4.   In what ways did economic conditions and developments in the arts and

entertainment help create the reputation of the 1920’s as the Roaring Twenties?  (99)

5.   In the work of American writers from the 1820’s through the 1920’s, the city

mirrored America’s darkest fears, whereas the wilderness, the country and the farm reflected the fondest hopes.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  You may draw your evidence from fiction and or non-fiction.  (76)

6.   The legal, political, and economic rights achieved by minorities and women in the

United States have come largely during periods of major reform movements, which both helped the struggles of these groups and set limits to them.  Assess the validity of this statement for the history of one or more of these groups in the period 1830 –

1920.   (76)

7.   The economic policies of the federal government from 1921 to 1929 were

responsible for the nation’s depression of the 1930’s.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  (83)

XV.   The New Deal    1932 - 1945

1.   How do you account for the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930’s?  (71)

2.   Account for the increased urbanization of Black Americans in the period 1914 to

1945.  (72)

3.   The depression of the 1890’s delayed reform; the depression of the 1930’s stimulated

it.  To what extent and in what ways do you agree or disagree with this statement?(72)

4.   The New Deal did not radically alter American business, but conserved and protected

it.  Assess the validity of this statement.  (73)

5.   Despite artificial similarities, the domestic programs of the New Deal constituted a fundamental departure from those of the Progressive Era.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  (74)

6.   The history of the U.S. shows that none of the three branches of the federal government is immune from the temptation to upset the system of checks and balances established by the Constitution.  Assess the validity of this generalization in regard to BOTH Congress versus the President 1865 – 1868 AND the President versus the Supreme Court 1935 – 1937.  (75)

7.    Although often defended and attacked on purely economic grounds, the federal tariff        policies of the U.S. have been more important politically than economically.  Assess the validity of this generalization in regard to TWO tariffs in U.S. history.  (75)

 

8.    Major American writers have been indifferent to the social problems of their day.

       State whether you agree or disagree with generalization and defend your position

       with reference to THREE novelists/ or poets. (75)

 

9.   Most reform legislation since 1900 has been the work of special interests seeking to

advance their own well-being, but the adoption of such legislation has required the general support of others who were not directly affected but who perceived it to be in the public interest.  Assess the validity of this statement with reference to THREE examples of reform legislation since 1900.  You may draw your examples from reform at any level of government:  national, state or municipal.  (79)

10. The New Deal secured the support of labor and agriculture after 1932 as the

Republican party had secured the support of industry and commerce since 1920 – with special interest programs giving financial aid, legal privileges, and other types of assistance.  Assess the validity of this statement, giving attention to both periods (1920 –1932 and 1932 – 1940).    (81)

11. Despite often brutal clashes between labor and capital in the United States during the

period 1865-1940, collective working-class protest did not constitute a basic attack on the capitalistic system.  Assess the validity of this statement. (82)

12.  During the past four decades, historians have consistently have rated Washington,

Lincoln, and FDR as the  greatest presidents.  Assess the greatness of any TWO of these, making clear the criteria on which you base your judgement. (85)

13.  Reform movements of the twentieth century have shown continuity in their goals

and strategies. Assess the validity of this statement for ONE of the following pairs of reform movements.

Progressivism and the New Deal

Women’s suffrage and post-Second World War Feminism The New Deal and the Great Society  (86)

14.  Why did socialism fail to become a major force in American politics between 1900

and 1940 despite widespread dissatisfaction with the social and economic order and significant support for radical movements during that time period?   (88)

15. Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression altered the American social fabric

in the 1930’s.  (96)

16.  Identify Three of the following New Deal measures and analyze the ways in which

each of the three attempted to fashion a more stable economy and a more equitable society.

            Agricultural Adjustment Act                  Wagner National Labor relations Act

            Securities and Exchange Commission    Social Security Act    (93)

 

17.  Although American writers of the 1920’s and 1930’s criticized American society, the

nature of their criticisms differed markedly in the two decades.  Assess the validity of

       this statement with specific reference to writers in both decades.    (90)

 

 

XVI.   Isolationism and War   1921 - 1945

 

1.   President Franklin Roosevelt was naïve and ineffective in his conduct of foreign

policy from 1933 and 1941.  To what extent and in what ways do you agree or disagree with this statement.  (71)

2.   The term “isolationism “ does not adequately describe the reality of either United

States foreign policy or America’s relationships with other nations during the period from Washington’s Farewell Address 1796 to 1940.  Assess the validity of this generalization.  (76)

3.  War has frequently had unexpected consequences for the United States foreign

policy but has seldom resulted in major  reorientations of policy.  Discuss with

      reference to the First and Second world wars giving about equal attention to each.

(78)

4.   Prior to American involvement in both the First and Second World Wars, the United

States adopted an official policy of neutrality.  Compare the policy and its modifications during the period 1914-17 to the policy and its modifications during 1939-41.  (82)

5.  Between 1776 and 1823 a young and weak United States achieved considerable

success in foreign policy when confronted with the two principal European powers, Great Britain and France.  Between 1914 and 1950, however, a far more powerful United States was less successful in achieving its foreign policy objectives in Europe.  Discuss by comparing United States foreign policy in Europe during the period 1776 1823, with United States policy in Europe during ONE of the following periods:

1914 – 1932   OR   1933 -1950.    (77)

6.  To what extent and why did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the

1920’s and 1930’s? (98)

XVII.   Postwar Years   1945 -1960

1.   Discuss the changing attitudes of historians towards the origins of the Cold War.  (72)

2.   Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic President who skillfully led the American

people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.  Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman’s foreign policy.  (84)

3.   The size, character, and effectiveness of the organized labor movement changed

significantly during the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century.  Apply this statement to TWO of the periods:

1870 -1915         1915 - 1935      1935 - 1950  (85)

4.   In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the

world.  Discuss the developments in the thirty years following Churchill’s speech which called the global preeminence of the United States into question.   (92)

5.  Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the

decade following the Second World War.

                        Yalta Conference                      Communist Revolution in China            

                        Korean War                             McCarthysim     (96)

 

6.  To what extent did the decade of the 1950’s deserve its reputation as an age of

political, social, and cultural conformity?   (94)

7.  How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era

following the Second World War?  (97)

8.  Although the 1960’s are usually considered the decade of the greatest achievement

for Black civil rights, the 1940’s and 1950’s were periods of equally important gains.  

Assess the validity of this statement.  (91)

XVIII.   1960’s to the Present

1.  Discuss the adjustments of ONE of the following minority groups to American life.

            American Indians from 1860 -1900                  Puerto Ricans from 1910 – 1970 (72)

            Mexican -Americans from 1910 – 1970      Japanese Americans from 1910 - 1970

 

2.  Controversy between integrationist and separatist viewpoints has long been a dominant theme within the black community.  Analyze the controversy among blacks for the period 1920 - 1970.  (73)

3.  In the period since 1945, the Republican Party, as represented in the administrations  of Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) and Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974), virtually abandoned the opposition to the New Deal expressed in the 1930’s.  assess the validity of this generalization.   (75)

4.   Greater similarities than differences have characterized the experiences of all ethnic and racial groups who have migrated to American cities.  Assess the validity of this generalization with reference to the Irish and Germans from the 1840’s to the 1890’s AND black Americans from 1915 - 1970.  (75)

5.   Presidents who have been notably successful in either foreign affairs or domestic affairs have seldom been notably successful in both.  Assess this statement with reference to TWO presidents, on in the nineteenth century, and the other in the twentieth century, giving reasons for success or failure in each case.  (77)

6.  The leadership, organization, and programs of ethnic and racial minority movements after 1945 represented a fundamental departure from those which had existed from 1900 to 1945.  Discuss with reference to black Americans or Mexican Americans, giving about equal attention to the periods b