A. Native American
Resistance
1. In 1784 the
2. Farther to the
west, the
3. The Indians formed
a Western Confederacy to protect themselves against aggressive settlers and
forced a peace compromise in the Treaty of
4. The treaty
encouraged Americans to pressure Native Americans to give up their land, while enabling
Indian peoples to demand payment in return.
5. American westward
migration increased as soon as the fighting ended, sparking new conflicts over
land and hunting rights.
6. Most Native
Americans resisted attempts to assimilate them into white society and rejected European
farming practices.
B. Migration and the
Changing Farm Economy
1. Most migrants who
flocked through the
Gap were white tenant
farmers and yeomen families fleeing the depleted soils and planter elite of the
2. A second stream of
migrants, dominated by slave-owning planters and their enslaved workers, moved
along the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico into the future states of
3. Cotton financed the
expansion of slavery into the Old Southwest as technological breakthroughs increased
the demand for raw wool and cotton.
4. To provide land for
their children, communities organized a third stream of migrants who traveled
from New England into
5. Farmers fleeing
declining prospects in the East found themselves at the bottom of the economic ladder
in
6. Farmers who
remained in the East changed their agriculture methods — rotating crops, diversifying
production, and planting yearround
·
helping to create a higher output
and a better standard of living.
C. The Transportation
Bottleneck
1. Without access to
waterways or other cheap means of transportation, settlers west of the
2. Improved inland
trade became a high priority for the new state governments that chartered corporations
to dredge rivers and build turnpikes and canals.
3. Only after 1819,
when the Erie Canal linked central and western
4. Western settlers
paid premium prices for land along navigable rivers, and farmers and merchants built
barges to float goods to the
5. Many isolated
western settlers had no choice but to be self-sufficient; self-sufficiency
meant a low standard of living.
6. Settlers continued
to migrate westward, confident that the canal and road system would yield
future security.
A. The Jeffersonian
Presidency
1. Thomas Jefferson
was the first chief executive to hold office in the
2. Before John Adams
left office, the Federalistcontrolled
Congress had passed the Judiciary
Act, which created sixteen new judgeships and six new
circuit courts. Just before leaving office,
3. Republicans
repealed the Judiciary Act, thus removing the midnight appointees.
4. In Marbury v.Madison,
Chief Justice John
5.
6. Following the lead
of Federalists before him,
7. In domestic
matters,
84 Chapter 8 Dynamic Change:Western Settlement and Eastern Capitalism, 1790–1820
reduced the size of the
army; and tolerated the Bank of the
8. With Thomas
Jefferson and Albert Gallatin at the helm, the nation was no longer run in the interests
of northeastern creditors and merchants.
B. Jefferson and the
West
1. As president,
2. In 1801, Napoleon
Bonaparte coerced
3. To avoid
hostilities with
Robert R. Livingston, an American minister in
4. In April 1803,
Bonaparte, Livingston, and James Monroe concluded what came to be known as the
5. Since it did not
provide for adding new territory,
6. In 1804,
7. Fearing that
western expansion would diminish their power, New England Federalists talked
openly of leaving the
8. Refusing to support
the secessionists, Alexander
9. The Republicans’
policy of western expansion increased sectional tension and party conflict, giving
new life to states’ rights sentiment and secessionist schemes.
C. Conflict with
1. As the Napoleonic
Wars ravaged Europe,
2. Napoleon imposed
the “Continental System,” which required customs officials to seize neutral American
ships that had stopped in
3. The British seized American
ships carrying goods to
4. Americans were
outraged in 1807 when a British warship attacked the
5. Jefferson devised
the Embargo Act of 1807, which prohibited American ships from leaving their
home ports until
6. The act caused
American exports to plunge, prompting Federalists to demand its repeal.
7. As president, James
Madison replaced the embargo with new economic restrictions, none of which
persuaded
8. Southern and
western war hawks, hoping to gain new territory and discredit the Federalists, pushed
D. The War of 1812
1. The War of 1812 was
a near disaster for the
2. Political divisions
in the
New Englanders opposed the war, and
3. After two years of
sporadic warfare, the
4. In the Southwest,
Andrew Jackson led an army of militiamen to victory over Britishsupported
Creek Indians in the
5. Federalists met in
6. While the
Federalists were meeting in
7. American military
setbacks strengthened opposition to the war, but, fortunately,
8. The Treaty of
9. Victory at
10. As a result of John
Quincy Adams’s diplomacy, the
A. A Merchant-Based
Economy: Banks,Manufacturing, and Markets
Chapter Annotated Outline 85
1.
2. In 1791, Congress
chartered the first Bank of the
3. Many banks issued
notes without adequate specie reserves and made ill-advised loans to insiders.
4. The Panic of 1819
gave Americans their first taste of the business cycle’s periodic expansion and
contraction of profits and employment.
5. Merchant-entrepreneurs
developed a ruralbased manufacturing system similar
to the European outwork, or putting-out, system.
6. The penetration of
the market economy into rural areas motivated farmers to produce more goods.
7. At first, barter
transactions were a central feature of the emergent market system, but
gradually a cash economy replaced the barter system.
8. The new market
system decreased the self-sufficiency of families and communities even as it made
them more productive.
B. Public Policy: The
Commonwealth System
1. Throughout the
nineteenth century, state governments had a much greater impact on the day-to-day
lives of Americans than did the national government.
2. As early as the
1790s, state legislatures devised an American plan of mercantilism, known as the
“commonwealth system.”
3. State legislatures
granted hundreds of corporate charters to private businesses to build roads,
bridges, and canals to connect inland market centers to seaport cities.
4. Incorporation often
included a grant of limited liability and transportation charters included the
power of eminent domain.
5. By 1820, innovative state governments has created a new political
economy: the commonwealth system.
C. Federalist Law: John
Marshall and the Supreme
Court
1. Both Federalists and
Republicans endorsed the idea of the commonwealth system, but their differences
emerged during John Marshall’s tenure on the Supreme Court.
2. In deciding that the Judiciary Act violated
the Constitution,
3. The doctrine of
judicial review evolved slowly; the Supreme and state courts used it sparingly and
only to overturn state laws that conflicted with constitutional principles.
4.
5. Under
6. Nationalist-minded
Republicans won the allegiance of many Federalists in the East, while Jeffersonian
Republicans won the support of western farmers and southern planters.
7. The Republican Party
divided into a “national” faction and a “Jeffersonian,”
or state-oriented, faction.